\chapentry {Introduction}{1}{1}
\secentry {Getting Started}{1}{1}{1}
\secentry {Standards and Portability}{1}{2}{1}
\subsecentry {ISO C}{1}{2}{1}{2}
\subsecentry {POSIX (The Portable Operating System Interface)}{1}{2}{2}{2}
\subsecentry {Berkeley Unix}{1}{2}{3}{3}
\subsecentry {SVID (The System V Interface Description)}{1}{2}{4}{3}
\secentry {Using the Library}{1}{3}{4}
\subsecentry {Header Files}{1}{3}{1}{4}
\subsecentry {Macro Definitions of Functions}{1}{3}{2}{5}
\subsecentry {Reserved Names}{1}{3}{3}{6}
\subsecentry {Feature Test Macros}{1}{3}{4}{8}
\secentry {Roadmap to the Manual}{1}{4}{10}
\chapentry {Error Reporting}{2}{15}
\secentry {Checking for Errors}{2}{1}{15}
\secentry {Error Codes}{2}{2}{16}
\secentry {Error Messages}{2}{3}{27}
\chapentry {Memory Allocation}{3}{31}
\secentry {Dynamic Memory Allocation Concepts}{3}{1}{31}
\secentry {Dynamic Allocation and C}{3}{2}{31}
\secentry {Unconstrained Allocation}{3}{3}{32}
\subsecentry {Basic Storage Allocation}{3}{3}{1}{32}
\subsecentry {Examples of \code {malloc}}{3}{3}{2}{33}
\subsecentry {Freeing Memory Allocated with \code {malloc}}{3}{3}{3}{34}
\subsecentry {Changing the Size of a Block}{3}{3}{4}{35}
\subsecentry {Allocating Cleared Space}{3}{3}{5}{36}
\subsecentry {Efficiency Considerations for \code {malloc}}{3}{3}{6}{37}
\subsecentry {Allocating Aligned Memory Blocks}{3}{3}{7}{37}
\subsecentry {Malloc Tunable Parameters}{3}{3}{8}{38}
\subsecentry {Heap Consistency Checking}{3}{3}{9}{38}
\subsecentry {Storage Allocation Hooks}{3}{3}{10}{40}
\subsecentry {Statistics for Storage Allocation with \code {malloc}}{3}{3}{11}{41}
\subsecentry {Summary of \code {malloc}-Related Functions}{3}{3}{12}{42}
\secentry {Obstacks}{3}{4}{43}
\subsecentry {Creating Obstacks}{3}{4}{1}{43}
\subsecentry {Preparing for Using Obstacks}{3}{4}{2}{44}
\subsecentry {Allocation in an Obstack}{3}{4}{3}{45}
\subsecentry {Freeing Objects in an Obstack}{3}{4}{4}{46}
\subsecentry {Obstack Functions and Macros}{3}{4}{5}{47}
\subsecentry {Growing Objects}{3}{4}{6}{48}
\subsecentry {Extra Fast Growing Objects}{3}{4}{7}{49}
\subsecentry {Status of an Obstack}{3}{4}{8}{51}
\subsecentry {Alignment of Data in Obstacks}{3}{4}{9}{52}
\subsecentry {Obstack Chunks}{3}{4}{10}{52}
\subsecentry {Summary of Obstack Functions}{3}{4}{11}{53}
\secentry {Automatic Storage with Variable Size}{3}{5}{55}
\subsecentry {\code {alloca} Example}{3}{5}{1}{55}
\subsecentry {Advantages of \code {alloca}}{3}{5}{2}{56}
\subsecentry {Disadvantages of \code {alloca}}{3}{5}{3}{57}
\subsecentry {GNU C Variable-Size Arrays}{3}{5}{4}{57}
\secentry {Relocating Allocator}{3}{6}{58}
\subsecentry {Concepts of Relocating Allocation}{3}{6}{1}{58}
\subsecentry {Allocating and Freeing Relocatable Blocks}{3}{6}{2}{58}
\chapentry {Character Handling}{4}{61}
\secentry {Classification of Characters}{4}{1}{61}
\secentry {Case Conversion}{4}{2}{63}
\chapentry {String and Array Utilities}{5}{65}
\secentry {Representation of Strings}{5}{1}{65}
\secentry {String and Array Conventions}{5}{2}{66}
\secentry {String Length}{5}{3}{67}
\secentry {Copying and Concatenation}{5}{4}{67}
\secentry {String/Array Comparison}{5}{5}{72}
\secentry {Collation Functions}{5}{6}{75}
\secentry {Search Functions}{5}{7}{78}
\secentry {Finding Tokens in a String}{5}{8}{80}
\chapentry {Input/Output Overview}{6}{85}
\secentry {Input/Output Concepts}{6}{1}{85}
\subsecentry {Streams and File Descriptors}{6}{1}{1}{85}
\subsecentry {File Position}{6}{1}{2}{87}
\secentry {File Names}{6}{2}{87}
\subsecentry {Directories}{6}{2}{1}{88}
\subsecentry {File Name Resolution}{6}{2}{2}{88}
\subsecentry {File Name Errors}{6}{2}{3}{89}
\subsecentry {Portability of File Names}{6}{2}{4}{90}
\chapentry {Input/Output on Streams}{7}{93}
\secentry {Streams}{7}{1}{93}
\secentry {Standard Streams}{7}{2}{93}
\secentry {Opening Streams}{7}{3}{94}
\secentry {Closing Streams}{7}{4}{96}
\secentry {Simple Output by Characters or Lines}{7}{5}{97}
\secentry {Character Input}{7}{6}{98}
\secentry {Line-Oriented Input}{7}{7}{100}
\secentry {Unreading}{7}{8}{102}
\subsecentry {What Unreading Means}{7}{8}{1}{102}
\subsecentry {Using \code {ungetc} To Do Unreading}{7}{8}{2}{103}
\secentry {Block Input/Output}{7}{9}{104}
\secentry {Formatted Output}{7}{10}{105}
\subsecentry {Formatted Output Basics}{7}{10}{1}{105}
\subsecentry {Output Conversion Syntax}{7}{10}{2}{106}
\subsecentry {Table of Output Conversions}{7}{10}{3}{107}
\subsecentry {Integer Conversions}{7}{10}{4}{108}
\subsecentry {Floating-Point Conversions}{7}{10}{5}{110}
\subsecentry {Other Output Conversions}{7}{10}{6}{112}
\subsecentry {Formatted Output Functions}{7}{10}{7}{113}
\subsecentry {Dynamically Allocating Formatted Output}{7}{10}{8}{115}
\subsecentry {Variable Arguments Output Functions}{7}{10}{9}{115}
\subsecentry {Parsing a Template String}{7}{10}{10}{118}
\subsecentry {Example of Parsing a Template String}{7}{10}{11}{119}
\secentry {Customizing \code {printf}}{7}{11}{121}
\subsecentry {Registering New Conversions}{7}{11}{1}{121}
\subsecentry {Conversion Specifier Options}{7}{11}{2}{122}
\subsecentry {Defining the Output Handler}{7}{11}{3}{124}
\subsecentry {\code {printf} Extension Example}{7}{11}{4}{125}
\secentry {Formatted Input}{7}{12}{126}
\subsecentry {Formatted Input Basics}{7}{12}{1}{127}
\subsecentry {Input Conversion Syntax}{7}{12}{2}{128}
\subsecentry {Table of Input Conversions}{7}{12}{3}{129}
\subsecentry {Numeric Input Conversions}{7}{12}{4}{130}
\subsecentry {String Input Conversions}{7}{12}{5}{131}
\subsecentry {Dynamically Allocating String Conversions}{7}{12}{6}{133}
\subsecentry {Other Input Conversions}{7}{12}{7}{133}
\subsecentry {Formatted Input Functions}{7}{12}{8}{134}
\subsecentry {Variable Arguments Input Functions}{7}{12}{9}{135}
\secentry {End-Of-File and Errors}{7}{13}{135}
\secentry {Text and Binary Streams}{7}{14}{136}
\secentry {File Positioning}{7}{15}{137}
\secentry {Portable File-Position Functions}{7}{16}{139}
\secentry {Stream Buffering}{7}{17}{140}
\subsecentry {Buffering Concepts}{7}{17}{1}{140}
\subsecentry {Flushing Buffers}{7}{17}{2}{141}
\subsecentry {Controlling Which Kind of Buffering}{7}{17}{3}{142}
\secentry {Other Kinds of Streams}{7}{18}{144}
\subsecentry {String Streams}{7}{18}{1}{144}
\subsecentry {Obstack Streams}{7}{18}{2}{146}
\subsecentry {Programming Your Own Custom Streams}{7}{18}{3}{147}
\subsubsecentry {Custom Streams and Cookies} {7}{18}{3}{1} {147}
\subsubsecentry {Custom Stream Hook Functions} {7}{18}{3}{2} {149}
\chapentry {Low-Level Input/Output}{8}{151}
\secentry {Opening and Closing Files}{8}{1}{151}
\secentry {Input and Output Primitives}{8}{2}{153}
\secentry {Setting the File Position of a Descriptor}{8}{3}{156}
\secentry {Descriptors and Streams}{8}{4}{159}
\secentry {Dangers of Mixing Streams and Descriptors}{8}{5}{160}
\subsecentry {Linked Channels}{8}{5}{1}{160}
\subsecentry {Independent Channels}{8}{5}{2}{160}
\subsecentry {Cleaning Streams}{8}{5}{3}{161}
\secentry {Waiting for Input or Output}{8}{6}{162}
\secentry {Control Operations on Files}{8}{7}{165}
\secentry {Duplicating Descriptors}{8}{8}{166}
\secentry {File Descriptor Flags}{8}{9}{168}
\secentry {File Status Flags}{8}{10}{170}
\subsecentry {File Access Modes}{8}{10}{1}{170}
\subsecentry {Open-time Flags}{8}{10}{2}{171}
\subsecentry {I/O Operating Modes}{8}{10}{3}{173}
\subsecentry {Getting and Setting File Status Flags}{8}{10}{4}{174}
\secentry {File Locks}{8}{11}{175}
\secentry {Interrupt-Driven Input}{8}{12}{179}
\chapentry {File System Interface}{9}{181}
\secentry {Working Directory}{9}{1}{181}
\secentry {Accessing Directories}{9}{2}{183}
\subsecentry {Format of a Directory Entry}{9}{2}{1}{183}
\subsecentry {Opening a Directory Stream}{9}{2}{2}{184}
\subsecentry {Reading and Closing a Directory Stream}{9}{2}{3}{185}
\subsecentry {Simple Program to List a Directory}{9}{2}{4}{186}
\subsecentry {Random Access in a Directory Stream}{9}{2}{5}{187}
\subsecentry {Scanning the Content of a Directory}{9}{2}{6}{187}
\subsecentry {Simple Program to List a Directory, Mark II}{9}{2}{7}{188}
\secentry {Hard Links}{9}{3}{189}
\secentry {Symbolic Links}{9}{4}{190}
\secentry {Deleting Files}{9}{5}{192}
\secentry {Renaming Files}{9}{6}{193}
\secentry {Creating Directories}{9}{7}{194}
\secentry {File Attributes}{9}{8}{195}
\subsecentry {What the File Attribute Values Mean}{9}{8}{1}{195}
\subsecentry {Reading the Attributes of a File}{9}{8}{2}{198}
\subsecentry {Testing the Type of a File}{9}{8}{3}{199}
\subsecentry {File Owner}{9}{8}{4}{200}
\subsecentry {The Mode Bits for Access Permission}{9}{8}{5}{202}
\subsecentry {How Your Access to a File is Decided}{9}{8}{6}{204}
\subsecentry {Assigning File Permissions}{9}{8}{7}{204}
\subsecentry {Testing Permission to Access a File}{9}{8}{8}{206}
\subsecentry {File Times}{9}{8}{9}{208}
\secentry {Making Special Files}{9}{9}{210}
\secentry {Temporary Files}{9}{10}{210}
\chapentry {Pipes and FIFOs}{10}{215}
\secentry {Creating a Pipe}{10}{1}{215}
\secentry {Pipe to a Subprocess}{10}{2}{217}
\secentry {FIFO Special Files}{10}{3}{219}
\secentry {Atomicity of Pipe I/O}{10}{4}{220}
\chapentry {Sockets}{11}{221}
\secentry {Socket Concepts}{11}{1}{221}
\secentry {Communication Styles}{11}{2}{222}
\secentry {Socket Addresses}{11}{3}{223}
\subsecentry {Address Formats}{11}{3}{1}{224}
\subsecentry {Setting the Address of a Socket}{11}{3}{2}{225}
\subsecentry {Reading the Address of a Socket}{11}{3}{3}{226}
\secentry {The File Namespace}{11}{4}{227}
\subsecentry {File Namespace Concepts}{11}{4}{1}{227}
\subsecentry {Details of File Namespace}{11}{4}{2}{227}
\subsecentry {Example of File-Namespace Sockets}{11}{4}{3}{228}
\secentry {The Internet Namespace}{11}{5}{229}
\subsecentry {Internet Socket Address Formats}{11}{5}{1}{230}
\subsecentry {Host Addresses}{11}{5}{2}{231}
\subsubsecentry {Internet Host Addresses} {11}{5}{2}{1} {231}
\subsubsecentry {Host Address Data Type} {11}{5}{2}{2} {232}
\subsubsecentry {Host Address Functions} {11}{5}{2}{3} {233}
\subsubsecentry {Host Names} {11}{5}{2}{4} {235}
\subsecentry {Internet Ports}{11}{5}{3}{237}
\subsecentry {The Services Database}{11}{5}{4}{238}
\subsecentry {Byte Order Conversion}{11}{5}{5}{239}
\subsecentry {Protocols Database}{11}{5}{6}{240}
\subsecentry {Internet Socket Example}{11}{5}{7}{242}
\secentry {Other Namespaces}{11}{6}{243}
\secentry {Opening and Closing Sockets}{11}{7}{244}
\subsecentry {Creating a Socket}{11}{7}{1}{244}
\subsecentry {Closing a Socket}{11}{7}{2}{244}
\subsecentry {Socket Pairs}{11}{7}{3}{245}
\secentry {Using Sockets with Connections}{11}{8}{246}
\subsecentry {Making a Connection}{11}{8}{1}{246}
\subsecentry {Listening for Connections}{11}{8}{2}{248}
\subsecentry {Accepting Connections}{11}{8}{3}{248}
\subsecentry {Who is Connected to Me?}{11}{8}{4}{250}
\subsecentry {Transferring Data}{11}{8}{5}{250}
\subsubsecentry {Sending Data} {11}{8}{5}{1} {250}
\subsubsecentry {Receiving Data} {11}{8}{5}{2} {251}
\subsubsecentry {Socket Data Options} {11}{8}{5}{3} {252}
\subsecentry {Byte Stream Socket Example}{11}{8}{6}{252}
\subsecentry {Byte Stream Connection Server Example}{11}{8}{7}{254}
\subsecentry {Out-of-Band Data}{11}{8}{8}{257}
\secentry {Datagram Socket Operations}{11}{9}{260}
\subsecentry {Sending Datagrams}{11}{9}{1}{260}
\subsecentry {Receiving Datagrams}{11}{9}{2}{261}
\subsecentry {Datagram Socket Example}{11}{9}{3}{262}
\subsecentry {Example of Reading Datagrams}{11}{9}{4}{263}
\secentry {The \code {inetd} Daemon}{11}{10}{264}
\subsecentry {\code {inetd} Servers}{11}{10}{1}{265}
\subsecentry {Configuring \code {inetd}}{11}{10}{2}{265}
\secentry {Socket Options}{11}{11}{266}
\subsecentry {Socket Option Functions}{11}{11}{1}{266}
\subsecentry {Socket-Level Options}{11}{11}{2}{267}
\secentry {Networks Database}{11}{12}{269}
\chapentry {Low-Level Terminal Interface}{12}{271}
\secentry {Identifying Terminals}{12}{1}{271}
\secentry {I/O Queues}{12}{2}{271}
\secentry {Two Styles of Input: Canonical or Not}{12}{3}{272}
\secentry {Terminal Modes}{12}{4}{273}
\subsecentry {Terminal Mode Data Types}{12}{4}{1}{273}
\subsecentry {Terminal Mode Functions}{12}{4}{2}{274}
\subsecentry {Setting Terminal Modes Properly}{12}{4}{3}{276}
\subsecentry {Input Modes}{12}{4}{4}{277}
\subsecentry {Output Modes}{12}{4}{5}{279}
\subsecentry {Control Modes}{12}{4}{6}{279}
\subsecentry {Local Modes}{12}{4}{7}{281}
\subsecentry {Line Speed}{12}{4}{8}{284}
\subsecentry {Special Characters}{12}{4}{9}{286}
\subsubsecentry {Characters for Input Editing} {12}{4}{9}{1} {286}
\subsubsecentry {Characters that Cause Signals} {12}{4}{9}{2} {288}
\subsubsecentry {Special Characters for Flow Control} {12}{4}{9}{3} {289}
\subsubsecentry {Other Special Characters} {12}{4}{9}{4} {290}
\subsecentry {Noncanonical Input}{12}{4}{10}{291}
\secentry {Line Control Functions}{12}{5}{293}
\secentry {Noncanonical Mode Example}{12}{6}{295}
\chapentry {Mathematics}{13}{297}
\secentry {Domain and Range Errors}{13}{1}{297}
\secentry {Trigonometric Functions}{13}{2}{298}
\secentry {Inverse Trigonometric Functions}{13}{3}{299}
\secentry {Exponentiation and Logarithms}{13}{4}{300}
\secentry {Hyperbolic Functions}{13}{5}{301}
\secentry {Pseudo-Random Numbers}{13}{6}{302}
\subsecentry {ISO C Random Number Functions}{13}{6}{1}{302}
\subsecentry {BSD Random Number Functions}{13}{6}{2}{303}
\chapentry {Low-Level Arithmetic Functions}{14}{305}
\secentry {``Not a Number'' Values}{14}{1}{305}
\secentry {Predicates on Floats}{14}{2}{305}
\secentry {Absolute Value}{14}{3}{306}
\secentry {Normalization Functions}{14}{4}{307}
\secentry {Rounding and Remainder Functions}{14}{5}{308}
\secentry {Integer Division}{14}{6}{309}
\secentry {Parsing of Numbers}{14}{7}{310}
\subsecentry {Parsing of Integers}{14}{7}{1}{310}
\subsecentry {Parsing of Floats}{14}{7}{2}{314}
\chapentry {Searching and Sorting}{15}{317}
\secentry {Defining the Comparison Function}{15}{1}{317}
\secentry {Array Search Function}{15}{2}{317}
\secentry {Array Sort Function}{15}{3}{318}
\secentry {Searching and Sorting Example}{15}{4}{319}
\chapentry {Pattern Matching}{16}{323}
\secentry {Wildcard Matching}{16}{1}{323}
\secentry {Globbing}{16}{2}{324}
\subsecentry {Calling \code {glob}}{16}{2}{1}{324}
\subsecentry {Flags for Globbing}{16}{2}{2}{326}
\secentry {Regular Expression Matching}{16}{3}{327}
\subsecentry {POSIX Regular Expression Compilation}{16}{3}{1}{327}
\subsecentry {Flags for POSIX Regular Expressions}{16}{3}{2}{329}
\subsecentry {Matching a Compiled POSIX Regular Expression}{16}{3}{3}{330}
\subsecentry {Match Results with Subexpressions}{16}{3}{4}{331}
\subsecentry {Complications in Subexpression Matching}{16}{3}{5}{332}
\subsecentry {POSIX Regexp Matching Cleanup}{16}{3}{6}{332}
\secentry {Shell-Style Word Expansion}{16}{4}{333}
\subsecentry {The Stages of Word Expansion}{16}{4}{1}{334}
\subsecentry {Calling \code {wordexp}}{16}{4}{2}{334}
\subsecentry {Flags for Word Expansion}{16}{4}{3}{336}
\subsecentry {\code {wordexp} Example}{16}{4}{4}{337}
\chapentry {Date and Time}{17}{339}
\secentry {Processor Time}{17}{1}{339}
\subsecentry {Basic CPU Time Inquiry}{17}{1}{1}{339}
\subsecentry {Detailed Elapsed CPU Time Inquiry}{17}{1}{2}{340}
\secentry {Calendar Time}{17}{2}{341}
\subsecentry {Simple Calendar Time}{17}{2}{1}{342}
\subsecentry {High-Resolution Calendar}{17}{2}{2}{342}
\subsecentry {Broken-down Time}{17}{2}{3}{345}
\subsecentry {Formatting Date and Time}{17}{2}{4}{347}
\subsecentry {Specifying the Time Zone with \code {TZ}}{17}{2}{5}{352}
\subsecentry {Functions and Variables for Time Zones}{17}{2}{6}{354}
\subsecentry {Time Functions Example}{17}{2}{7}{355}
\secentry {Setting an Alarm}{17}{3}{356}
\secentry {Sleeping}{17}{4}{359}
\secentry {Resource Usage}{17}{5}{360}
\secentry {Limiting Resource Usage}{17}{6}{362}
\secentry {Process Priority}{17}{7}{364}
\chapentry {Extended Characters}{18}{367}
\secentry {Introduction to Extended Characters}{18}{1}{367}
\secentry {Locales and Extended Characters}{18}{2}{368}
\secentry {Multibyte Characters}{18}{3}{368}
\secentry {Wide Character Introduction}{18}{4}{371}
\secentry {Conversion of Extended Strings}{18}{5}{372}
\secentry {Multibyte Character Length}{18}{6}{373}
\secentry {Conversion of Extended Characters One by One}{18}{7}{374}
\secentry {Character-by-Character Conversion Example}{18}{8}{375}
\secentry {Multibyte Codes Using Shift Sequences}{18}{9}{377}
\chapentry {Locales and Internationalization}{19}{379}
\secentry {What Effects a Locale Has}{19}{1}{379}
\secentry {Choosing a Locale}{19}{2}{380}
\secentry {Categories of Activities that Locales Affect}{19}{3}{380}
\secentry {How Programs Set the Locale}{19}{4}{381}
\secentry {Standard Locales}{19}{5}{383}
\secentry {Numeric Formatting}{19}{6}{383}
\subsecentry {Generic Numeric Formatting Parameters}{19}{6}{1}{384}
\subsecentry {Printing the Currency Symbol}{19}{6}{2}{385}
\subsecentry {Printing the Sign of an Amount of Money}{19}{6}{3}{387}
\chapentry {Non-Local Exits}{20}{389}
\secentry {Introduction to Non-Local Exits}{20}{1}{389}
\secentry {Details of Non-Local Exits}{20}{2}{391}
\secentry {Non-Local Exits and Signals}{20}{3}{392}
\chapentry {Signal Handling}{21}{393}
\secentry {Basic Concepts of Signals}{21}{1}{393}
\subsecentry {Some Kinds of Signals}{21}{1}{1}{393}
\subsecentry {Concepts of Signal Generation}{21}{1}{2}{394}
\subsecentry {How Signals Are Delivered}{21}{1}{3}{394}
\secentry {Standard Signals}{21}{2}{395}
\subsecentry {Program Error Signals}{21}{2}{1}{396}
\subsecentry {Termination Signals}{21}{2}{2}{399}
\subsecentry {Alarm Signals}{21}{2}{3}{401}
\subsecentry {Asynchronous I/O Signals}{21}{2}{4}{401}
\subsecentry {Job Control Signals}{21}{2}{5}{402}
\subsecentry {Operation Error Signals}{21}{2}{6}{404}
\subsecentry {Miscellaneous Signals}{21}{2}{7}{404}
\subsecentry {Signal Messages}{21}{2}{8}{405}
\secentry {Specifying Signal Actions}{21}{3}{406}
\subsecentry {Basic Signal Handling}{21}{3}{1}{406}
\subsecentry {Advanced Signal Handling}{21}{3}{2}{408}
\subsecentry {Interaction of \code {signal} and \code {sigaction}}{21}{3}{3}{410}
\subsecentry {\code {sigaction} Function Example}{21}{3}{4}{410}
\subsecentry {Flags for \code {sigaction}}{21}{3}{5}{412}
\subsecentry {Initial Signal Actions}{21}{3}{6}{412}
\secentry {Defining Signal Handlers}{21}{4}{413}
\subsecentry {Signal Handlers that Return}{21}{4}{1}{414}
\subsecentry {Handlers That Terminate the Process}{21}{4}{2}{415}
\subsecentry {Nonlocal Control Transfer in Handlers}{21}{4}{3}{416}
\subsecentry {Signals Arriving While a Handler Runs}{21}{4}{4}{417}
\subsecentry {Signals Close Together Merge into One}{21}{4}{5}{418}
\subsecentry {Signal Handling and Nonreentrant Functions}{21}{4}{6}{421}
\subsecentry {Atomic Data Access and Signal Handling}{21}{4}{7}{423}
\subsubsecentry {Problems with Non-Atomic Access} {21}{4}{7}{1} {423}
\subsubsecentry {Atomic Types} {21}{4}{7}{2} {424}
\subsubsecentry {Atomic Usage Patterns} {21}{4}{7}{3} {425}
\secentry {Primitives Interrupted by Signals}{21}{5}{425}
\secentry {Generating Signals}{21}{6}{426}
\subsecentry {Signaling Yourself}{21}{6}{1}{426}
\subsecentry {Signaling Another Process}{21}{6}{2}{428}
\subsecentry {Permission for using \code {kill}}{21}{6}{3}{429}
\subsecentry {Using \code {kill} for Communication}{21}{6}{4}{430}
\secentry {Blocking Signals}{21}{7}{431}
\subsecentry {Why Blocking Signals is Useful}{21}{7}{1}{432}
\subsecentry {Signal Sets}{21}{7}{2}{432}
\subsecentry {Process Signal Mask}{21}{7}{3}{433}
\subsecentry {Blocking to Test for Delivery of a Signal}{21}{7}{4}{435}
\subsecentry {Blocking Signals for a Handler}{21}{7}{5}{435}
\subsecentry {Checking for Pending Signals}{21}{7}{6}{437}
\subsecentry {Remembering a Signal to Act On Later}{21}{7}{7}{438}
\secentry {Waiting for a Signal}{21}{8}{439}
\subsecentry {Using \code {pause}}{21}{8}{1}{439}
\subsecentry {Problems with \code {pause}}{21}{8}{2}{440}
\subsecentry {Using \code {sigsuspend}}{21}{8}{3}{441}
\secentry {Using a Separate Signal Stack}{21}{9}{442}
\secentry {BSD Signal Handling}{21}{10}{444}
\subsecentry {BSD Function to Establish a Handler}{21}{10}{1}{445}
\subsecentry {BSD Functions for Blocking Signals}{21}{10}{2}{446}
\chapentry {Process Startup and Termination}{22}{447}
\secentry {Program Arguments}{22}{1}{447}
\subsecentry {Program Argument Syntax Conventions}{22}{1}{1}{448}
\subsecentry {Parsing Program Options}{22}{1}{2}{449}
\subsecentry {Example of Parsing Arguments with \code {getopt}}{22}{1}{3}{450}
\subsecentry {Parsing Long Options}{22}{1}{4}{452}
\subsecentry {Example of Parsing Long Options}{22}{1}{5}{454}
\subsecentry {Parsing of Suboptions}{22}{1}{6}{456}
\subsecentry {Parsing of Suboptions Example}{22}{1}{7}{457}
\secentry {Environment Variables}{22}{2}{458}
\subsecentry {Environment Access}{22}{2}{1}{459}
\subsecentry {Standard Environment Variables}{22}{2}{2}{460}
\secentry {Program Termination}{22}{3}{462}
\subsecentry {Normal Termination}{22}{3}{1}{462}
\subsecentry {Exit Status}{22}{3}{2}{463}
\subsecentry {Cleanups on Exit}{22}{3}{3}{464}
\subsecentry {Aborting a Program}{22}{3}{4}{465}
\subsecentry {Termination Internals}{22}{3}{5}{465}
\chapentry {Processes}{23}{467}
\secentry {Running a Command}{23}{1}{467}
\secentry {Process Creation Concepts}{23}{2}{468}
\secentry {Process Identification}{23}{3}{468}
\secentry {Creating a Process}{23}{4}{469}
\secentry {Executing a File}{23}{5}{470}
\secentry {Process Completion}{23}{6}{473}
\secentry {Process Completion Status}{23}{7}{476}
\secentry {BSD Process Wait Functions}{23}{8}{476}
\secentry {Process Creation Example}{23}{9}{477}
\chapentry {Job Control}{24}{479}
\secentry {Concepts of Job Control}{24}{1}{479}
\secentry {Job Control is Optional}{24}{2}{480}
\secentry {Controlling Terminal of a Process}{24}{3}{480}
\secentry {Access to the Controlling Terminal}{24}{4}{481}
\secentry {Orphaned Process Groups}{24}{5}{481}
\secentry {Implementing a Job Control Shell}{24}{6}{482}
\subsecentry {Data Structures for the Shell}{24}{6}{1}{482}
\subsecentry {Initializing the Shell}{24}{6}{2}{484}
\subsecentry {Launching Jobs}{24}{6}{3}{486}
\subsecentry {Foreground and Background}{24}{6}{4}{490}
\subsecentry {Stopped and Terminated Jobs}{24}{6}{5}{492}
\subsecentry {Continuing Stopped Jobs}{24}{6}{6}{496}
\subsecentry {The Missing Pieces}{24}{6}{7}{496}
\secentry {Functions for Job Control}{24}{7}{497}
\subsecentry {Identifying the Controlling Terminal}{24}{7}{1}{497}
\subsecentry {Process Group Functions}{24}{7}{2}{498}
\subsecentry {Functions for Controlling Terminal Access}{24}{7}{3}{499}
\chapentry {System Databases and Name Service Switch}{25}{501}
\secentry {NSS Basics}{25}{1}{501}
\secentry {The NSS Configuration File}{25}{2}{502}
\subsecentry {Services in the NSS configuration File}{25}{2}{1}{503}
\subsecentry {Actions in the NSS configuration}{25}{2}{2}{503}
\subsecentry {Notes on the NSS Configuration File}{25}{2}{3}{504}
\secentry {NSS Module Internals}{25}{3}{505}
\subsecentry {The Naming Scheme of the NSS Modules}{25}{3}{1}{505}
\subsecentry {The Interface of the Function in NSS Modules}{25}{3}{2}{506}
\secentry {Extending NSS}{25}{4}{508}
\subsecentry {Adding another Service to NSS}{25}{4}{1}{508}
\subsecentry {Internals of the NSS Module Functions}{25}{4}{2}{509}
\chapentry {Users and Groups}{26}{511}
\secentry {User and Group IDs}{26}{1}{511}
\secentry {The Persona of a Process}{26}{2}{511}
\secentry {Why Change the Persona of a Process?}{26}{3}{512}
\secentry {How an Application Can Change Persona}{26}{4}{513}
\secentry {Reading the Persona of a Process}{26}{5}{513}
\secentry {Setting the User ID}{26}{6}{514}
\secentry {Setting the Group IDs}{26}{7}{515}
\secentry {Enabling and Disabling Setuid Access}{26}{8}{516}
\secentry {Setuid Program Example}{26}{9}{517}
\secentry {Tips for Writing Setuid Programs}{26}{10}{520}
\secentry {Identifying Who Logged In}{26}{11}{520}
\secentry {User Database}{26}{12}{521}
\subsecentry {The Data Structure that Describes a User}{26}{12}{1}{521}
\subsecentry {Looking Up One User}{26}{12}{2}{522}
\subsecentry {Scanning the List of All Users}{26}{12}{3}{523}
\subsecentry {Writing a User Entry}{26}{12}{4}{525}
\secentry {Group Database}{26}{13}{525}
\subsecentry {The Data Structure for a Group}{26}{13}{1}{525}
\subsecentry {Looking Up One Group}{26}{13}{2}{525}
\subsecentry {Scanning the List of All Groups}{26}{13}{3}{527}
\secentry {Netgroup Database}{26}{14}{528}
\subsecentry {Netgroup Data}{26}{14}{1}{528}
\subsecentry {Looking up one Netgroup}{26}{14}{2}{529}
\subsecentry {Testing for Netgroup Membership}{26}{14}{3}{530}
\secentry {User and Group Database Exampl