\chapentry{Introduction}{1}{1}
\chapentry{Common options}{2}{2}
\secentry{Backup options}{2}{1}{2}
\secentry{Block size}{2}{2}{3}
\secentry{Target directory}{2}{3}{5}
\secentry{Trailing slashes}{2}{4}{6}
\secentry{Standards conformance}{2}{5}{6}
\chapentry{Output of entire files}{3}{7}
\secentry{\command {cat}: Concatenate and write files}{3}{1}{7}
\secentry{\command {tac}: Concatenate and write files in reverse}{3}{2}{8}
\secentry{\command {nl}: Number lines and write files}{3}{3}{8}
\secentry{\command {od}: Write files in octal or other formats}{3}{4}{10}
\chapentry{Formatting file contents}{4}{14}
\secentry{\command {fmt}: Reformat paragraph text}{4}{1}{14}
\secentry{\command {pr}: Paginate or columnate files for printing}{4}{2}{15}
\secentry{\command {fold}: Wrap input lines to fit in specified width}{4}{3}{20}
\chapentry{Output of parts of files}{5}{21}
\secentry{\command {head}: Output the first part of files}{5}{1}{21}
\secentry{\command {tail}: Output the last part of files}{5}{2}{21}
\secentry{\command {split}: Split a file into fixed-size pieces}{5}{3}{24}
\secentry{\command {csplit}: Split a file into context-determined pieces}{5}{4}{25}
\chapentry{Summarizing files}{6}{27}
\secentry{\code {wc}: Print byte, word, and line counts}{6}{1}{27}
\secentry{\command {sum}: Print checksum and block counts}{6}{2}{28}
\secentry{\command {cksum}: Print CRC checksum and byte counts}{6}{3}{28}
\secentry{\command {md5sum}: Print or check message-digests}{6}{4}{28}
\chapentry{Operating on sorted files}{7}{30}
\secentry{\command {sort}: Sort text files}{7}{1}{30}
\secentry{\command {uniq}: Uniquify files}{7}{2}{35}
\secentry{\command {comm}: Compare two sorted files line by line}{7}{3}{36}
\secentry{\command {tsort}: Topological sort}{7}{4}{37}
\secentry{\command {tsort}: Background}{7}{5}{39}
\secentry{\command {ptx}: Produce permuted indexes}{7}{6}{39}
\subsecentry{General options}{7}{6}{1}{40}
\subsecentry{Charset selection}{7}{6}{2}{40}
\subsecentry{Word selection and input processing}{7}{6}{3}{40}
\subsecentry{Output formatting}{7}{6}{4}{42}
\subsecentry{The \sc {gnu} extensions to \command {ptx}}{7}{6}{5}{45}
\chapentry{Operating on fields within a line}{8}{46}
\secentry{\command {cut}: Print selected parts of lines}{8}{1}{46}
\secentry{\command {paste}: Merge lines of files}{8}{2}{47}
\secentry{\command {join}: Join lines on a common field}{8}{3}{47}
\chapentry{Operating on characters}{9}{50}
\secentry{\command {tr}: Translate, squeeze, and/or delete characters}{9}{1}{50}
\subsecentry{Specifying sets of characters}{9}{1}{1}{50}
\subsecentry{Translating}{9}{1}{2}{52}
\subsecentry{Squeezing repeats and deleting}{9}{1}{3}{52}
\subsecentry{Warning messages}{9}{1}{4}{54}
\secentry{\command {expand}: Convert tabs to spaces}{9}{2}{54}
\secentry{\command {unexpand}: Convert spaces to tabs}{9}{3}{55}
\chapentry{Directory listing}{10}{56}
\secentry{\command {ls}: List directory contents}{10}{1}{56}
\subsecentry{Which files are listed}{10}{1}{1}{56}
\subsecentry{What information is listed}{10}{1}{2}{57}
\subsecentry{Sorting the output}{10}{1}{3}{60}
\subsecentry{More details about version sort}{10}{1}{4}{62}
\subsecentry{General output formatting}{10}{1}{5}{62}
\subsecentry{Formatting file timestamps}{10}{1}{6}{64}
\subsecentry{Formatting the file names}{10}{1}{7}{65}
\secentry{\command {dir}: Briefly list directory contents}{10}{2}{67}
\secentry{\command {vdir}: Verbosely list directory contents}{10}{3}{67}
\secentry{\command {dircolors}: Color setup for \code {ls}}{10}{4}{67}
\chapentry{Basic operations}{11}{68}
\secentry{\command {cp}: Copy files and directories}{11}{1}{68}
\secentry{\command {dd}: Convert and copy a file}{11}{2}{72}
\secentry{\command {install}: Copy files and set attributes}{11}{3}{73}
\secentry{\command {mv}: Move (rename) files}{11}{4}{75}
\secentry{\command {rm}: Remove files or directories}{11}{5}{76}
\secentry{\command {shred}: Remove files more securely}{11}{6}{77}
\chapentry{Special file types}{12}{81}
\secentry{\command {link}: Make a hard link via the link syscall}{12}{1}{81}
\secentry{\command {ln}: Make links between files}{12}{2}{81}
\secentry{\command {mkdir}: Make directories}{12}{3}{83}
\secentry{\command {mkfifo}: Make FIFOs (named pipes)}{12}{4}{84}
\secentry{\command {mknod}: Make block or character special files}{12}{5}{84}
\secentry{\command {rmdir}: Remove empty directories}{12}{6}{85}
\secentry{\command {unlink}: Remove files via the unlink syscall}{12}{7}{85}
\chapentry{Changing file attributes}{13}{86}
\secentry{\command {chown}: Change file owner and group}{13}{1}{86}
\secentry{\command {chgrp}: Change group ownership}{13}{2}{87}
\secentry{\command {chmod}: Change access permissions}{13}{3}{88}
\secentry{\command {touch}: Change file timestamps}{13}{4}{89}
\chapentry{Disk usage}{14}{91}
\secentry{\command {df}: Report filesystem disk space usage}{14}{1}{91}
\secentry{\command {du}: Estimate file space usage}{14}{2}{93}
\secentry{\command {stat}: Report file or filesystem status}{14}{3}{95}
\secentry{\command {sync}: Synchronize data on disk with memory}{14}{4}{96}
\chapentry{Printing text}{15}{97}
\secentry{\command {echo}: Print a line of text}{15}{1}{97}
\secentry{\command {printf}: Format and print data}{15}{2}{97}
\secentry{\command {yes}: Print a string until interrupted}{15}{3}{98}
\chapentry{Conditions}{16}{99}
\secentry{\command {false}: Do nothing, unsuccessfully}{16}{1}{99}
\secentry{\command {true}: Do nothing, successfully}{16}{2}{99}
\secentry{\command {test}: Check file types and compare values}{16}{3}{99}
\subsecentry{File type tests}{16}{3}{1}{100}
\subsecentry{Access permission tests}{16}{3}{2}{100}
\subsecentry{File characteristic tests}{16}{3}{3}{100}
\subsecentry{String tests}{16}{3}{4}{101}
\subsecentry{Numeric tests}{16}{3}{5}{101}
\subsecentry{Connectives for \command {test}}{16}{3}{6}{101}
\secentry{\command {expr}: Evaluate expressions}{16}{4}{102}
\subsecentry{String expressions}{16}{4}{1}{102}
\subsecentry{Numeric expressions}{16}{4}{2}{103}
\subsecentry{Relations for \command {expr}}{16}{4}{3}{103}
\subsecentry{Examples of using \command {expr}}{16}{4}{4}{104}
\chapentry{Redirection}{17}{105}
\secentry{\command {tee}: Redirect output to multiple files}{17}{1}{105}
\chapentry{File name manipulation}{18}{106}
\secentry{\code {basename}: Strip directory and suffix from a file name}{18}{1}{106}
\secentry{\command {dirname}: Strip non-directory suffix from a file name}{18}{2}{106}
\secentry{\command {pathchk}: Check file name portability}{18}{3}{106}
\chapentry{Working context}{19}{107}
\secentry{\command {pwd}: Print working directory}{19}{1}{107}
\secentry{\command {stty}: Print or change terminal characteristics}{19}{2}{107}
\subsecentry{Control settings}{19}{2}{1}{108}
\subsecentry{Input settings}{19}{2}{2}{108}
\subsecentry{Output settings}{19}{2}{3}{109}
\subsecentry{Local settings}{19}{2}{4}{110}
\subsecentry{Combination settings}{19}{2}{5}{110}
\subsecentry{Special characters}{19}{2}{6}{111}
\subsecentry{Special settings}{19}{2}{7}{112}
\secentry{\command {printenv}: Print all or some environment variables}{19}{3}{113}
\secentry{\command {tty}: Print file name of terminal on standard input}{19}{4}{113}
\chapentry{User information}{20}{114}
\secentry{\command {id}: Print real and effective uid and gid}{20}{1}{114}
\secentry{\command {logname}: Print current login name}{20}{2}{114}
\secentry{\command {whoami}: Print effective user id}{20}{3}{114}
\secentry{\command {groups}: Print group names a user is in}{20}{4}{115}
\secentry{\command {users}: Print login names of users currently logged in}{20}{5}{115}
\secentry{\command {who}: Print who is currently logged in}{20}{6}{115}
\chapentry{System context}{21}{117}
\secentry{\command {date}: Print or set system date and time}{21}{1}{117}
\subsecentry{Time directives}{21}{1}{1}{117}
\subsecentry{Date directives}{21}{1}{2}{118}
\subsecentry{Literal directives}{21}{1}{3}{119}
\subsecentry{Padding}{21}{1}{4}{119}
\subsecentry{Setting the time}{21}{1}{5}{119}
\subsecentry{Options for \command {date}}{21}{1}{6}{120}
\subsecentry{Examples of \command {date}}{21}{1}{7}{121}
\secentry{\command {uname}: Print system information}{21}{2}{122}
\secentry{\command {hostname}: Print or set system name}{21}{3}{123}
\secentry{\command {hostid}: Print numeric host identifier.}{21}{4}{123}
\chapentry{Modified command invocation}{22}{125}
\secentry{\command {chroot}: Run a command with a different root directory}{22}{1}{125}
\secentry{\command {env}: Run a command in a modified environment}{22}{2}{125}
\secentry{\command {nice}: Run a command with modified scheduling priority}{22}{3}{126}
\secentry{\command {nohup}: Run a command immune to hangups}{22}{4}{126}
\secentry{\command {su}: Run a command with substitute user and group id}{22}{5}{127}
\chapentry{Process control}{23}{129}
\secentry{\command {kill}: Send a signal to processes}{23}{1}{129}
\chapentry{Delaying}{24}{131}
\secentry{\command {sleep}: Delay for a specified time}{24}{1}{131}
\chapentry{Numeric operations}{25}{132}
\secentry{\command {factor}: Print prime factors}{25}{1}{132}
\secentry{\command {seq}: Print numeric sequences}{25}{2}{132}
\chapentry{File permissions}{26}{135}
\secentry{Structure of File Permissions}{26}{1}{135}
\secentry{Symbolic Modes}{26}{2}{135}
\subsecentry{Setting Permissions}{26}{2}{1}{136}
\subsecentry{Copying Existing Permissions}{26}{2}{2}{137}
\subsecentry{Changing Special Permissions}{26}{2}{3}{137}
\subsecentry{Conditional Executability}{26}{2}{4}{138}
\subsecentry{Making Multiple Changes}{26}{2}{5}{138}
\subsecentry{The Umask and Protection}{26}{2}{6}{139}
\secentry{Numeric Modes}{26}{3}{139}
\chapentry{Date input formats}{27}{141}
\secentry{General date syntax}{27}{1}{141}
\secentry{Calendar date items}{27}{2}{142}
\secentry{Time of day items}{27}{3}{143}
\secentry{Time zone items}{27}{4}{144}
\secentry{Day of week items}{27}{5}{144}
\secentry{Relative items in date strings}{27}{6}{144}
\secentry{Pure numbers in date strings}{27}{7}{145}
\secentry{Authors of \code {getdate}}{27}{8}{145}
\chapentry{Opening the Software Toolbox}{28}{146}
\unnumbsecentry{Toolbox Introduction}{28}{0}{146}
\unnumbsecentry{I/O Redirection}{28}{0}{146}
\unnumbsecentry{The \command {who} Command}{28}{0}{147}
\unnumbsecentry{The \command {cut} Command}{28}{0}{148}
\unnumbsecentry{The \command {sort} Command}{28}{0}{148}
\unnumbsecentry{The \command {uniq} Command}{28}{0}{148}
\unnumbsecentry{Putting the Tools Together}{28}{0}{148}
\appendixentry{GNU Free Documentation License}{A}{154}
\unnumbsecentry{ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents}{28}{0}{159}
\unnumbchapentry{Index}{28}{160}